Relationship between the Social Development Index and Self-Reported Periodontal Conditions.

Inequalities in oral health are influenced by the social strata of the population. Few studies have focused on the multitude of factors related to social development as indicators of living conditions and periodontal health status. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between self-reported periodontal conditions and the Social Development Index (SDI). A cross-sectional validated questionnaire was carried out among 1294 Mexican adults. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the best predictors of self-reported periodontal conditions. Bone loss reporting was used as a proxy for the presence of periodontal disease. We found that higher global scores on the SDI and quality and available space in the home (QASH) increase the probability of having bone loss. Global SDI (OR = 7.27) and higher QASH (OR = 3.66) were indeed the leading societal factors related to periodontal disease. These results have pointed out how SDI and its indicators, in particular QASH, can be used to further explore inequities related to privileged access to dental care in the context of periodontal diseases.

Features of inflammatory periodontal diseases course in combination with a new coronavirus disease. A systematic review

Risk factors for severe COVID-19 are also associated with periodontitis. They are smoking, older age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to select and analyze publications that consider a possible relationship between inflammatory periodontal diseases and the severity of COVID-19. Material and methods. The search for publications by the key words was conducted using the electronic databases: Cochrane Library;MEDLINE, eLIBRARY for systematic review. We selected 94 publications, the systematic review included 10 scientific articles presenting the results of randomized trials. Results. The results of the analysis showed the connection between COVID-19 severity and inflammatory periodontal diseases presence. In the patients with severe COVID-19 on the background of periodontitis it was established a high risk for artificial lung ventilation prescription. The course of COVID-19 is possibly depending on high expression of ACE2 receptors in oral mucosal cells and aspiration of pathogenic bacteria from periodontal tissues with saliva on the background of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The bacterial etiology of periodontitis plays important role of an immunological trigger that causes hyperreaction of humoral and cellular immunity, NETosis activation and NLRP3 inflammation. Conclusion. The presence of periodontitis in patients with overweight and obesity, DM or hypertension may be associated with severe COVID-19 course, possible development of complications and pneumonia.Copyright © Eco-Vector, 2023. All rights reserved.

Correlation between Periodontal Diseases and COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: To finding the correlation of COVID-19 with periodontal status. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed to overview studies of the relationship between periodontal disease and the severity of COVID-19 (hospitalization). There were nine studies, analyzed in this systematic review (nine reviews and three meta-analyses). The quality assessment of studies was using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and the pooling effect of meta-analysis were using random-effects model. Results: The NOS scores were Satisfied (5-6 stars) for seven studies, meanwhile good (7 stars) for two studies. The estimated OR was 2.68 (P= 0.006). The heterogeneity (I2 ) was 61%, showed moderate (P=0.006). The heterogeneity (I2 ) was 61%, showed moderate het-erogeneity. COVID-19 and severity depended on the host and viral factors that influence the immune response. The surge of cytokines (especially IL-6) was found as an imperative role in the COVID-19 and periodontal diseases. Finally, periodontal diseases were found positively contributed to the severity of COVID-19. Conclusion: Periodontal diseases were found associated with the severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, further studies are a necessity to generalize in other populations of COVID-19 patients. © 2022 JDMFS.

Absence of Supportive Periodontal Treatment during the Covid-19 Pandemic - Recurrence of Periodontal Inflammation

Case presentation: Supportive periodontal care (SPC) is defined as step IV by the 2020 and 2022 EFP Guidelines for the treatment of periodontitis stages I-IV. SPC aims to maintain periodontal stability after active periodontal treatment is finished and the endpoints of periodontal therapy are achieved. SPC presumes preventive and therapeutic procedures performed at individualised, patient-based intervals. This case report describes a patient, 43 y/o female, with diagnoses of generalised periodontitis stage IV, grade C and periodontal health on reduced periodontium who was enrolled in longterm SPC provided at 3 - 4-monthly intervals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the patient did not report for regular SPC due to personal fears of the contagion. After 20 months of absence, the patient was admitted for SPC. The comprehensive periodontal exam showed excellent oral hygiene (FMPS=7%), the presence of five 4 and 5 mm pockets and relapse of periodontal inflammation (FMBS=42%). The affected areas were mostly in the lower jaw. As periodontitis is a chronic disease, patients need to be continuously monitored. SPC reduces the probability of disease progression and tooth loss, as timely re-treatment can be provided in cases of disease recurrence. Various factors can contribute to disease relapse. In terms of the described patient, despite good oral hygiene, factors such as psychological stress and unhealthy living habits experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic might have negatively impacted the innate host response and led to disease relapse.

Health Disparities in Oral Health

The world is becoming more diverse as the population of older adults continues to increase. According to the CDC, approximately 36% of the population belongs to a racial or ethnic minority group. Older adults are living longer and are expected to comprise an estimated 24% of the population by 2060. The older population is more likely to experience greater health challenges that include oral complications. Oral diseases such as tooth decay, tooth loss, gum disease, dry mouth, oral cancer and precancer, as well as chronic diseases are the most common. While there has been significant improvement in life expectancy, oral health, and overall health in the United States, there is a greater prevalence of oral disease and health disparities in minority and poor populations. Social determinants of health such as education, income, race, and access to care are contributing factors that are related to these health disparities among older adults. African Americans and other older adult people of color are disproportionately affected. Health literacy, dental coverage, and living conditions are other health disparities that contribute to the oral health of older adults. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Features of inflammatory periodontal diseases course in combination with a new coronavirus disease. A systematic review.

Risk factors for severe COVID-19 are also associated with periodontitis. They are smoking, older age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to select and analyze publications that consider a possible relationship between inflammatory periodontal diseases and the severity of COVID-19. Material and methods. The search for publications by the key words was conducted using the electronic databases: Cochrane Library;MEDLINE, eLIBRARY for systematic review. We selected 94 publications, the systematic review included 10 scientific articles presenting the results of randomized trials. Results. The results of the analysis showed the connection between COVID-19 severity and inflammatory periodontal diseases presence. In the patients with severe COVID-19 on the background of periodontitis it was established a high risk for artificial lung ventilation prescription. The course of COVID-19 is possibly depending on high expression of ACE2 receptors in oral mucosal cells and aspiration of pathogenic bacteria from periodontal tissues with saliva on the background of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The bacterial etiology of periodontitis plays important role of an immunological trigger that causes hyperreaction of humoral and cellular immunity, NETosis activation and NLRP3 inflammation. Conclusion. The presence of periodontitis in patients with overweight and obesity, DM or hypertension may be associated with severe COVID-19 course, possible development of complications and pneumonia.Copyright © Eco-Vector, 2023. All rights reserved.

2020 Advances in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Annual Meeting Abstracts

The proceedings contain 78 papers. The topics discussed include: work disability, indirect costs and risk factors in patients with Crohn's disease in a Rio De Janeiro tertiary care center;proton pump inhibitors are associated with less severe periodontal disease: considerations for IBD patients;impact of COVID-19 pandemic in treatment adherence in inflammatory bowel disease patients;impact of COVID-19 in a cohort of patients with inflammatory intestinal disease;utilization of biologic therapy in patients with microscopic colitis not responding to standard therapy;restrictive eating symptoms may persist in children adolescents with treated IBD: case series;power calculations in randomized controlled trials of inflammatory bowel disease;measuring patient-reported outcomes in Crohn's disease patients during the outbreak of COVID-19;Tofacitinib and ileal pouch anal anastomosis. a single-center case series;corticosteroids, aminosalicylates and gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with the need of hospitalization in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and COVID-19;and manometric study and the role of the perianal disease and the clinical activity in anorectal dysfunction in Crohn's disease.

Is the effect of COVID-19 on periodontal treatment similar to that in general dental care and primary medical care? an observational study in Brazil.

The present study aimed to analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rates of periodontal procedures, and provide a comparison with general dental care and primary medical care procedures carried out in the Brazilian Public Health System. The study had an ecological, retrospective design with data from 5,564 Brazilian municipalities (99.9%). A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression was used to analyze the longitudinal associations between the COVID-19 pandemic and the rate of procedures. There was a significant reduction in the number of periodontal procedures (Coef. -428.6 [95%CI -774.3/-82.9]) during the COVID-19 pandemic, although this reduction was no greater than that of medical and general dental procedures. Medical procedures witnessed the sharpest drop in procedures (Coef. -2831.5 [95%CI -3964.1/-1699.0]). A lower rate of general dental procedures was also identified during the pandemic (Coef. -2,110.6 [95%CI -3,400.8/-820.4]). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on the rate of periodontal procedures carried out in the Brazilian Public Health System. The highest recutions were observed in general dental and medical procedures.

A comparison of the horizontal and vertical bitewing images in detecting approximal caries and interdental bone loss in posterior teeth: A diagnostic accuracy randomized cross over clinical trial.

Background/purpose: Horizontal bitewing radiographs are widely and frequently used in dentistry and are very reliable in diagnosing proximal caries and interproximal alveolar bone level. However, it is challengeable in detecting interproximal root caries, horizontal and/or vertical alveolar bone loss, and furcation involvements. The aim of this article was to assess the accuracy of vertical bitewing images in the diagnosis of caries and alveolar bone level compared to the horizontal bitewing technique. Materials and methods: Each one of the 20 patients had eight bitewing radiographs to get four horizontal bitewing (control) and four vertical bitewing (experimental) images for the same posterior area; a steel wire (3 mm) was used on the sensor plate to help measure the magnification later on. The radiographs were processed digitally and were evaluated for caries by two expert restorative specialists and for bone loss by two experienced periodontists. They were also compared to the "gold standard," which is using of both clinical and radiographic examination for diagnosis. They were blinded to each other during images evaluation. Results: Of the 20-patient sample size, 70% were male and 30% were female, with a mean age of 29.9. The average number of radiographs taken to achieve four standard bitewing radiographs was 5.9 ± 1.7 for vertical bitewings and 5.3 ± 1.3 for horizontal bitewing radiograph. The measurements from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the level of crestal bone didn't show a significant difference between the horizontal and vertical bitewing radiographs. The detection of furcation area in the molar teeth was much higher in the vertical bitewing (100%) compared to the horizontal bitewing (57.5%) (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The vertical bitewing radiograph has the upper hand over the horizontal bitewing radiograph in the detection of furcation involvement, caries detection, and alveolar bone loss. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use vertical bitewing in caries and patients with periodontal disease rather than the conventional horizontal bitewing.

COVID-related mucormycosis mimicking dental infection.

A recent increase in the prevalence of mucormycosis of the head and neck in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 following hospitalization has been reported. A Majority of the cases have been reported from India. Conditions such as diabetes mellitus, use of corticosteroids for other autoimmune conditions, organ transplant, immunosuppression, immunodeficiency, and malignancies especially hematologic ones, are all known risk factors for mucormycosis. Recently, hospitalization for COVID-19 has been added to the list of risk factors for opportunistic mucormycosis infection. This is likely attributable to the high doses and prolonged use of corticosteroids in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Case Description: Two patients with post-COVID-19 associated rhinocerebral mucormycosis presented with profound unexplained dental disease including tooth mobility and dental abscess mimicking periodontal disease. The patients were previously hospitalized for COVID-19 and received prolonged treatment with high doses of corticosteroids. The patients responded well to the surgical debridement with or without antifungal therapy. Conclusion: Oral healthcare providers including oral and maxillofacial surgeons, dentists, dental hygienists, and other dental practitioners can play a vital role in the recognition and early diagnosis of rhinocerebral mucormycosis given the large number of patients with severe COVID-19 infection who have recovered following hospitalization and/or received long-term high doses of immunosuppressive treatment.

Effect of stress on periodontium and oral health in COVID-19 positive patients: an online questionnaire-based survey

Background: Emergence of Covid-19 pandemic resulted in stressful living conditions throughout the world leading to an alteration of habits and detrimental effects on overall health particularly oral health and hygiene of people throughout the world. The aim was to access perceived stress and its impact on periodontium and oral health in Covid-19 positive patients. Material & Methods: An online health questionnaire was submitted by Covid-19 positive patients over a period of six months with answers regarding their systemic health, perceived stress, existing habits and their alteration, oral hygiene maintenance and symptoms of oral and periodontal diseases during covid positivity. Results: Results showed that there was increase in stress levels of Covid-19 positive patients with alteration of habits and increased incidence of negative effects on oral and periodontal health. Conclusions: Although Covid-19 positive patients experienced more stress and higher incidence of oral and periodontal diseases but no direct relation could be established.

Periodontists' and Orthodontists' Challenge in Periodontal Health: Role of Vitamin D3 Deficiency?

The purpose or this review is to disscuss the literature and research on associations between vitD, periodontal disease and orthodontics treatment. Article were searched from 2013 to 2022, with keyword "Vitamin D AND Periodontal diseases”;"Vitamin D AND Gingivitis”;"Vitamin D AND Periodontitis”;"Vitamin D AND orthodontic treatment”. Including literature article and research article (in vitro, and in vivo studies). Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is often caused by insufficient solar exposure and dietary intake, or both, and and the incidence of deficiency raised during the pandemic of covid 19. The importance of vitD remains unclear to shown in prevent periodontal disease. Some reviews discovered a link between 25(OH)D in serum with periodontal health, whereas others discovered no convincing evidence of vitamin D inhibits the development of periodontal inflamation. Orthodontic patients who are VDD may have teeth movement more slowly;nevertheless, vitamin D levels in orthodontic patients may not induce external root apical resorption. The significance of vitD as an adjunctive therapy during orthodontic movement is still debated, the molecular mechanism that happened during orthodontic movement when vitamin D present are mostly unknown. © 2023 UPM Press. All rights reserved.

Is There a Similarity in Serum Cytokine Profile between Patients with Periodontitis or 2019-Novel Coronavirus Infection?-A Scoping Review.

On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared a global emergency as a result of the 'novel coronavirus infection', which emerged from Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread across international borders. There is vast evidence that supports a direct link between oral cavities and this systemic circulation, but it is still unclear if oral conditions like periodontitis influenced the COVID-19 disease outcome. This scoping review highlights the fact that both periodontitis and COVID-19 independently increase serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, however there is a lack of documentation on if this biochemical profile synergizes with COVID-19 and/or periodontal severity in the same individuals. The purpose of this scoping review is to accumulate existing data on the serums IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α in COVID-19 and periodontitis patients and check if periodontitis negatively impacts the COVID-19 outcome, educating the population about the implications of COVID-19-related complications on their oral health, and vice versa, and motivating patients towards oral hygiene maintenance.

Self-reported periodontitis association with impaired smell and taste: A multicenter survey.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between self-reported periodontitis and the senses of taste and smell among employees of one Danish and two American universities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected through a digital survey. A total of 1239 individuals from Aarhus University - Denmark, the University of Iowa, and the University of Florida - USA were included. Self-reported periodontitis was the exposure. The perceived senses of taste and smell were the outcomes and were measured through a visual analog scale (VAS). Self-perceived halitosis was the mediator. Confounders were age, sex, income, education, xerostomia, COVID-19, smoking, body mass index, and diabetes. The total effect was decomposed into direct and indirect using a counterfactual approach. RESULTS: The total effect of periodontitis on an impaired sense of taste was OR 1.56 (95% CI [1.02, 2.09]), of which 23% was mediated by halitosis (OR 1.13; 95% CI [1.03, 1.22]). Additionally, individuals with self-reported periodontitis had a 53% higher chance of having impaired smell (OR 1.53; 95% CI [1.00, 2.04]), with halitosis mediating 21% of the total effect (OR 1.11; 95% CI [1.02, 1.20]). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that periodontitis is associated with distorted senses of taste and smell. Additionally, this association appears to be mediated by halitosis.

Periodontal Maintenance in a Patient with a Lung Transplantation Post-COVID-19 Infection.

Early dental screening and treatment before and after solid organ transplantation are recommended infection prophylaxis measures. Dental treatment after transplantation should only be rendered after a discussion with the patient's health-care provider and/or transplant surgeon to determine the patient's stability for dental care. Potential sources of acute or chronic oral infections should be evaluated at every visit. Periodontal evaluation and through dental prophylaxis should be performed. Oral hygiene instruction including the importance of maintaining excellent oral health after transplant should be reviewed.

Post-COVID mucormycosis in presentation of periodontal abscess.

COVID-19 pandemic has traumatized deep inside in minds and lives of human beings. Those who have survived are at risk of many post-COVID complications; mucormycosis being one of the most common as well as morbid infections. Mucormycosis is also known as black fungus, it is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection. Inoculation occurs by inhalation of spores in nose, paranasal air sinuses and in lungs. Mucormycosis is often associated in patients with compromised immunity and it presents with characteristic black necrotic eschar and necrosis. Disease affecting the facial region possess a challenge because it often disseminates with sino-orbital and cranial involvement at the time of diagnosis. Dental practice occasionally encounters unusual and subtle symptoms with non-pathognomonic clinical signs of several fatal diseases which may pretend like a common oral disease. Hence, the key knowledge to oral and primary care physicians and its precise application is necessary for the early diagnosis of such fatal infections to prevent untoward consequences in this COVID era. This article presents a case of mucormycosis with chief complaint of pain and swelling in right front tooth region, which mimicked as periodontal abscess in a patient, leading to delay in the diagnosis possess greater challenges during the treatment.

Epidemiological pattern of COVID-19 and its association with periodontal health in an urban Indian cohort.

Background: Studies have highlighted a possible influence of gingival and periodontal disease (PD) on COVID-19 risk and severity. However, the evidence is based on hospital-based studies and community-level data are sparse. Objectives: We described the epidemiological pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Delhi and evaluated the associations of gingival and PD with incident COVID-19 disease in a regionally representative urban Indian population. Methods: In a prospective study nested within the Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia (CARRS) study, participants with clinical gingival and periodontal status available at baseline (2014-16) (n = 1,727) were approached between October 2021 to March 2022. Information on COVID-19 incidence, testing, management, severity was collected as per the WHO case criteria along with COVID-19 vaccination status. Absolute incidence of COVID-19 disease was computed by age, sex, and oral health. Differences in rates were tested using log-rank test. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate independent associations between gingival and PD and incidence of COVID-19, adjusted for socio-demographic and behavioral factors, presence of comorbidity, and medication use. Results: Among 1,727 participants, the mean age was 44.0 years, 45.7% were men, 84.5% participants had baseline gingival or PD and 89.4% participants had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Overall, 35% (n = 606) participants were tested for COVID-19 and 24% (n = 146/606) tested positive. As per the WHO criteria total number of cases was 210, constituting 12% of the total population. The age and sex-specific rates of COVID-19 were higher among men and older participants, but women aged >60 years had higher rates than men of same age. The incidence rate did not differ significantly between those having gingival or PD and healthy periodontium (19.1 vs. 16.5/1,000 person-years) and there was no difference in risk of COVID-19 by baseline oral disease status. Conclusion: Gingival and PD were not associated with increased risk of COVID-19.

Clinical, immunological, and microbiological analysis of the association between periodontitis and COVID-19: a case-control study.

PURPOSE: Periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) share risk factors and activate similar immunopathological pathways, intensifying systemic inflammation. This study investigated the clinical, immunological and microbiological parameters in individuals with COVID-19 and controls, exploring whether periodontitis-driven inflammation contributes to worsening COVID-19 endpoints. METHODS: Case (positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2) and control (negative RT-PCR) individuals underwent clinical and periodontal assessments. Salivary levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-10, OPG, RANKL, neutrophil extracellular traps, and subgingival biofilm were analyzed at two timepoints. Data on COVID-19-related outcomes and comorbidity information were evaluated from medical records. RESULTS: Ninety-nine cases of COVID-19 and 182 controls were included for analysis. Periodontitis was associated with more hospitalization (p = 0.009), more days in the intensive care unit (ICU) (p = 0.042), admission to the semi-ICU (p = 0.047), and greater need for oxygen therapy (p = 0.042). After adjustment for confounders, periodontitis resulted in a 1.13-fold increase in the chance of hospitalization. Salivary IL-6 levels (p = 0.010) were increased in individuals with COVID-19 and periodontitis. Periodontitis was associated with increased RANKL and IL-1ß after COVID-19. No significant changes were observed in the bacterial loads of the periodontopathogens Porphyromona gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tanerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontitis was associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes, suggesting the relevance of periodontal care to reduce the burden of overall inflammation. Understanding the crosstalk between SARS-CoV-2 infection and chronic conditions such as periodontitis that can influence disease outcome is important to potentially prevent complications of COVID-19.

Peculiarities of Periodontal Pocket Microbiome in Patients with Generalized Periodontitis in the Post-Covid Period

The oral cavity, like the lungs, is often referred to as the <<ecological niche of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic or-ganisms,>> and the emigration and elimination of microbes between them are constant, ensuring a healthy distribution of saprophytic microorganisms that maintains organ, tissue, and immune homeostasis. The prolonged hospital stays due to COVID-19 complications, cross-infection, oxygenation therapy through the mask or incubation, and long-term intravenous infusions limit the patient's ability to care about the oral cavity, regularly clean teeth, floss interdental, etc., which creates extremely favorable conditions for colonization by aerobic and anaerobic pathogens of the oral cavity and periodontal pockets and leads to the rapid progression of chronic generalized periodontitis in this category of patients in the future. The goal of the study was to assess the state of the microbiome of the periodontal pockets of dental patients in the post-covid period. Methods. The object of the study was 140 patients with generalized periodontitis of the I and II stages of development in the chronic course (GP), among which 80 patients had coronavirus disease in the closest past. The patients were randomized by age, sex, and stage of GP development. The diagnosis of periodontal disease was established according to the classification by Danilevskyi. The bacteriological material for aerobic and facultative anaerobic microflora and yeast-like fungi was collected from periodontal pockets with a calibrated bacteriological loop and immediately seeded on blood agar. Results. Significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the nature of the oral microbiocenosis were observed in patients with GP after the recent coronavirus disease, compared with similar patients who did not suffer from COVID-19. We have noticed almost complete disappearance of bacteria that belong to the transient representatives of the oral microflora such as Neisseria, corynebacteria (diphtheria), micrococci, and lac-tobacilli. The main resident representatives of the oral microflora, i.e., alpha-hemolytic Streptococci of the mitis group, were found in all healthy individuals and patients of groups A and C, but in 30.0 +/- 4.58% of patients in group B, alpha-hemolytic streptococci in the contents of periodontal pockets are present in quantities not available for detection by the applied method (<2.7 lg CCU/mL). In terms of species, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus salivarius are more characteris-tic in gingival crevicular fluid in healthy individuals (93.8% of selected strains). In 68.4 +/- 3.32% of patients in group A, 64.0 +/- 3.43% of patients in group B, and 67.5 +/- 3.76% of patients in group C, the dominant species were Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis (p<0.01), which increased pathogenic potential as they produce streptolysin-O, inhibit complement activation, bind to fibronectine, actively form biofilms on the surface of tooth enamel and gum epithelial surface, and can act as an initiator of adhesion of periodontal pathogens. The other representatives of the resident microflora of the oral cavity - Stomatococcus mucilaginosus and Veillonella parvula for the patients of group C are also found in periodontal pockets with a significantly lower index of persistence and minimal population level. In the post-covid period, both the population level and the frequency of colonization of periodontal pockets by Staphylo-cocci and beta-hemolytic Streptococci decreases rapidly. For these patient groups, unlike for those that did not suffer from COVID-19, we did not find any case of colonization with Staphylococcus aureus, as well as beta-hemolytic Streptococci and Epidermal staphylococcus were also absent. The most characteristic in the post-covid period is a decrease in the proportion of alpha-hemolytic Streptococci, an increase in the proportion of yeast-like fungi of Candida species, as well as the appearance of a significant number of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria (Enterobacteria and Pseudomonads). In periodontal patien s, the microbial count is approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than in those with GP who did not suffer from COVID-19 (p<0.05). Conclusions. The overpassed coronavirus disease due to intensive antibiotic therapy leads to a marked decrease in the number of viable saprophytic microorganisms in the periodontal pockets of patients with GP. In the post-covid period for the patients with GP, there is a decrease in the level of colonization of periodontal pockets by species of resident oral microflora - alpha-hemolytic Streptococci, reduction of resident micro-organism's species, and almost complete disappearance of transient microflora. On the other hand, the frequency of colonization of periodontal pockets by fungi species, enterobacteria, and pseudomonads significantly increases. There are more expressed disorders in the periodontal pocket's microbiome for the patients with a severe and complicated course of coronavirus disease, such as post-covid pulmonary fibrosis, which requires reconsideration of approaches to therapeutic and pharmacological treatment in this category of patients.Copyright © 2022, Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, NAS of Ukraine. All rights reserved.

Effect of SARS CoV-2 Infection on Periodontal Tissue: A Systematic Review

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection in human respiratory cells. The first spread of this disease first occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the spread of the infection as a global pandemic. People who are infected experience mild to moderate clinical symptoms which are characterized by an increase in T cell, CD8, and IgM/IgG levels. The occurrence of severe clinical symptoms reflects an excessive and uncontrolled increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which impacts the systemic condition and periodontal tissues of affected patients. Objective(s): The aim of this study is to describe the impact of SARS CoV-2 infection on periodontal tissues. Method(s): In this study, we searched the NCBI, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases. The keywords used were "coronavirus disease" o"COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2" with "oral manifestations" and "periodontal," and we screened the articles using the PRISMA flow diagram. Result(s): Patients with COVID-19 present with a variety of systemic symptoms, as well as manifestations in the periodontal tissues, especially in the gingival area. Conclusion(s): SARS CoV-2 infection can impact periodontal tissues in the form of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, aphthous stomatitis, gingivahyperpigmentation, edema and erythema, lichen planus, and aphthous-like ulcers.Copyright © 2023 Karyadi et al.